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Super high molecular weight copolymers of AM/NaA/AMPS were prepared by oxidation–reduction [OR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS)] and controlled radical polymerization [CR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS)]. The resulting copolymers were fully characterized, and the reaction conditions for their preparation were optimized. OR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS), CR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS), and conventional partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in brine solution were comprehensively characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. OR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS) and CR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS) containing AMPS monomer showed better salt resistance, temperature tolerance, and viscosification property than the conventional HPAM polymer, making them more promising for enhanced oil recovery. Through comprehensive comparison and analysis, it was found that OR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS) was more conducive for high-temperature condition due to the existence of xanthone in OR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS). On the other hand, CR-P(AM/NaA/AMPS) was more suitable for high-mineral atmosphere, which could be attributed to its higher intrinsic viscosity.